当结果具有高维度时（例如基因表达，脉冲反应，人类的面部）和协方差相对有限，对传统因果推理和监督学习方法的估算是一项具有挑战性的任务。在这种情况下，要在反事实治疗下构建一个人的结果，至关重要的是要利用其在协变量之上观察到的事实结果中包含的个人信息。我们提出了一个深层的变异贝叶斯框架，该框架严格整合了在反事实处理下进行结果构建的两个主要信息来源：一个来源是嵌入高维事实结果中的个体特征；另一个来源是实际收到这种利益疗法的相似受试者（具有相同协变量的受试者）的响应分布。

我们提出了一种从人类设计的家具布局数据中生成室内家具的布置的方法。我们的方法创建了针对指定多样性的安排，例如房间中所有家具的总价格以及放置的碎片数量。为了产生逼真的家具布置，我们在人类设计的布局上训练生成的对抗网络（GAN）。为了针对安排中的特定多样性，我们通过质量多样性算法优化GAN的潜在空间，以生成多样化的安排集合。实验表明，我们的方法发现了一系列与人类设计的布局相似的布置，但价格和家具的数量也有所不同。

对话状态跟踪器是为了跟踪对话中用户目标的设计，是对话系统中的重要组成部分。但是，对话状态跟踪的研究在很大程度上仅限于单形式，其中插槽和老虎机值受知识领域（例如带有餐厅名称和价格范围插槽的餐厅域）的限制，并且由特定的数据库架构定义。在本文中，我们建议将对话状态跟踪的定义扩展到多模式。具体来说，我们介绍了一项新颖的对话状态跟踪任务，以跟踪视频接地对话中提到的视觉对象的信息。每个新的对话说法都可能引入一个新的视频段，新的视觉对象或新对象属性，并且需要一个状态跟踪器来相应地更新这些信息插槽。我们创建了一个新的合成基准测试，并为此任务设计了一个新颖的基线视频 - 底盘变压器网络（VDTN）。 VDTN结合了对象级功能和段级功能，并学习视频和对话之间的上下文依赖性，以生成多模式对话状态。我们为国家生成任务以及一个自我监督的视频理解任务优化了VDTN，该任务恢复了视频段或对象表示。最后，我们培训了VDTN在响应预测任务中使用解码状态。加上全面的消融和定性分析，我们发现了一些有趣的见解，以建立更有能力的多模式对话系统。

我们考虑一维位置估计，其中我们从$ n $ samples $ \ lambda + \ eta_i $估算一个参数$ \ lambda $，每个$ \ eta_i $ drawn i.i.d.从已知的分销$ f $。对于固定的$ f $，最大易变估计（MLE）众所周知，在$ n \ to \ infty $中是最佳的，它是渐近正常的，差异与cram \'er-rao的差异相匹配。\ frac {1} {n \ Mathcal {i}} $，其中$ \ Mathcal {i} $是$ f $的Fisher信息。但是，这种界限不适合有限$ n $，或者当$ f $随$ n $而变化时。我们以任意$ f $和$ n $的方式显示，人们可以根据$ f $的平滑版本的渔民信息来恢复类似的理论，其中平滑半径损失了$ n $。

最佳定价，即确定最大限度地提高给定产品的利润或收入的价格水平，是零售业的重要任务。要选择这样的数量，请先估计产品需求的价格弹性。由于混淆效果和价格内限性，回归方法通常无法恢复这些弹性。因此，通常需要随机实验。然而，例如，弹性可以是高度异构的，这取决于商店的位置。随着随机化经常发生在市级，标准差异差异方法也可能失败。可能的解决方案是基于根据从人工对照构成的治疗方法测量处理对单个（或仅几个）处理单元的影响的方法。例如，对于治疗组中的每个城市，可以从未处理的位置构成反事实。在本文中，我们应用了一种新的高维统计方法，以衡量价格变化对巴西主要零售商的日常销售的影响。所提出的方法结合了主成分（因子）和稀疏回归，导致一种称为因子调整的正规化方法的方法（\ TextTt {FarmTraTeat}）。数据包括每日五种不同产品的日常销售和价格，超过400多名市。审议的产品属于\ emph {甜蜜和糖果}类别和实验已经在2016年和2017年进行。我们的结果证实了高度异质性的假设，从而产生了与独特的市政当局的不同定价策略。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The purpose of this work was to tackle practical issues which arise when using a tendon-driven robotic manipulator with a long, passive, flexible proximal section in medical applications. A separable robot which overcomes difficulties in actuation and sterilization is introduced, in which the body containing the electronics is reusable and the remainder is disposable. A control input which resolves the redundancy in the kinematics and a physical interpretation of this redundancy are provided. The effect of a static change in the proximal section angle on bending angle error was explored under four testing conditions for a sinusoidal input. Bending angle error increased for increasing proximal section angle for all testing conditions with an average error reduction of 41.48% for retension, 4.28% for hysteresis, and 52.35% for re-tension + hysteresis compensation relative to the baseline case. Two major sources of error in tracking the bending angle were identified: time delay from hysteresis and DC offset from the proximal section angle. Examination of these error sources revealed that the simple hysteresis compensation was most effective for removing time delay and re-tension compensation for removing DC offset, which was the primary source of increasing error. The re-tension compensation was also tested for dynamic changes in the proximal section and reduced error in the final configuration of the tip by 89.14% relative to the baseline case.

Compliance in actuation has been exploited to generate highly dynamic maneuvers such as throwing that take advantage of the potential energy stored in joint springs. However, the energy storage and release could not be well-timed yet. On the contrary, for multi-link systems, the natural system dynamics might even work against the actual goal. With the introduction of variable stiffness actuators, this problem has been partially addressed. With a suitable optimal control strategy, the approximate decoupling of the motor from the link can be achieved to maximize the energy transfer into the distal link prior to launch. However, such continuous stiffness variation is complex and typically leads to oscillatory swing-up motions instead of clear launch sequences. To circumvent this issue, we investigate decoupling for speed maximization with a dedicated novel actuator concept denoted Bi-Stiffness Actuation. With this, it is possible to fully decouple the link from the joint mechanism by a switch-and-hold clutch and simultaneously keep the elastic energy stored. We show that with this novel paradigm, it is not only possible to reach the same optimal performance as with power-equivalent variable stiffness actuation, but even directly control the energy transfer timing. This is a major step forward compared to previous optimal control approaches, which rely on optimizing the full time-series control input.

The previous fine-grained datasets mainly focus on classification and are often captured in a controlled setup, with the camera focusing on the objects. We introduce the first Fine-Grained Vehicle Detection (FGVD) dataset in the wild, captured from a moving camera mounted on a car. It contains 5502 scene images with 210 unique fine-grained labels of multiple vehicle types organized in a three-level hierarchy. While previous classification datasets also include makes for different kinds of cars, the FGVD dataset introduces new class labels for categorizing two-wheelers, autorickshaws, and trucks. The FGVD dataset is challenging as it has vehicles in complex traffic scenarios with intra-class and inter-class variations in types, scale, pose, occlusion, and lighting conditions. The current object detectors like yolov5 and faster RCNN perform poorly on our dataset due to a lack of hierarchical modeling. Along with providing baseline results for existing object detectors on FGVD Dataset, we also present the results of a combination of an existing detector and the recent Hierarchical Residual Network (HRN) classifier for the FGVD task. Finally, we show that FGVD vehicle images are the most challenging to classify among the fine-grained datasets.

The task of reconstructing 3D human motion has wideranging applications. The gold standard Motion capture (MoCap) systems are accurate but inaccessible to the general public due to their cost, hardware and space constraints. In contrast, monocular human mesh recovery (HMR) methods are much more accessible than MoCap as they take single-view videos as inputs. Replacing the multi-view Mo- Cap systems with a monocular HMR method would break the current barriers to collecting accurate 3D motion thus making exciting applications like motion analysis and motiondriven animation accessible to the general public. However, performance of existing HMR methods degrade when the video contains challenging and dynamic motion that is not in existing MoCap datasets used for training. This reduces its appeal as dynamic motion is frequently the target in 3D motion recovery in the aforementioned applications. Our study aims to bridge the gap between monocular HMR and multi-view MoCap systems by leveraging information shared across multiple video instances of the same action. We introduce the Neural Motion (NeMo) field. It is optimized to represent the underlying 3D motions across a set of videos of the same action. Empirically, we show that NeMo can recover 3D motion in sports using videos from the Penn Action dataset, where NeMo outperforms existing HMR methods in terms of 2D keypoint detection. To further validate NeMo using 3D metrics, we collected a small MoCap dataset mimicking actions in Penn Action,and show that NeMo achieves better 3D reconstruction compared to various baselines.